Buffered Isotonic Solutions
Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity or effective osmolality in cell biology. Osmolality and osmolarity are properties …
Pharmaceutics
Classification of Surfactants
From the commercial point of view, surfactants are often classified as per their use. The most accepted and …
Wilhelmy Plate Method
In the Wilhelmy plate method, the liquid is raised until the contact between the surface and the plate …
Ring Detachment Method
Historically the ring method was the first to be developed; hence many of the values for interfacial and …
Detergency
What is Detergency? Detergency is a complex process involving the removal of foreign matter from surfaces. Surfactants are …
Preparation of Lipstick
Preparation of Lipstick: Lipsticks are cosmetic products containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients which are applied to the …
Tablet Compression Machine
The dried granules are compressed into a tablet in a machine known as a Tablet compression machine or …
Parenteral Formulations
Ophthalmic Preparations Products to be instilled into the eye, while not parenteral by definition have many similar, and …
Vapour pressure
The physical properties of liquids are controlled by the strength and nature of intermolecular attractive forces. The most …
Parenteral Preparation
Solvents and vehicles must meet special purity and other standards to assure safety. Added substances (buffer, stabilizers preservatives) …