Sterile Powders
Due to instability in water, many drugs are formulated as drug powders to be reconstituted prior to administration. …
Clean Area Classification
Clean rooms are maintained particulate-free air through the use of either HEPA or ULPA filters based on laminar …
Buffered Isotonic Solutions
Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity or effective osmolality in cell biology. Osmolality and osmolarity are properties …
Classification of Surfactants
From the commercial point of view, surfactants are often classified as per their use. The most accepted and …
Wilhelmy Plate Method
In the Wilhelmy plate method, the liquid is raised until the contact between the surface and the plate …
Ring Detachment Method
Historically the ring method was the first to be developed; hence many of the values for interfacial and …
Simple Distillation
In this process, the vapor is removed from the system as soon as it is formed and condensed. …
Mechanism of Heat flow
Mechanism of Heat flow from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature. Heat may …
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
The absorption system of refrigeration is the heat-operated unit, which uses a refrigerant that is alternatively absorbed and …