Methods of Preparation of Phenols
Methods of Preparation of Phenols: Phenol was initially obtained by fractional distillation of coal tar. General Methods of …
Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Diazo Coupling Reaction
Diazo Coupling Reaction: The diazotization reaction, discovered by Griess in 1858, consists of the formation of diazonium salts …
Nitrosation
Nitrosation is an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction in which the nitrosonium ion, NO is an effective electrophile. The …
Friedel Crafts Acylation
Friedel Crafts Acylation: The acylation reaction is the replacement of the hydrogen atom of certain functional groups ie, …
Friedel Crafts Alkylation
Friedel Crafts Alkylation: In 1877, C. Friedel and J. Craft showed that benzene and its homologs are capable …
Halogenation
Halogenation is accomplished by treating the aromatic compound with molecular halogens like Cl₂, Br₂ or I2 Fluorination is …
Sulfonation of Benzene
Sulfonation of Benzene: Sulfonation is the introduction of a sulpho group, -SO2OH into an organic compound. Various sulfonating …
Nitration on Benzene
Nitration on Benzene: The most commonly used methods of nitration based on the order of their reactivity, include: …
Electrophilic Substitution in Pyrrole
Pyridine and pyrrole are aromatic compounds and undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Pyridine substitutes preferentially at the 3-position, …