Clean Area Classification
Clean rooms are maintained particulate-free air through the use of either HEPA or ULPA filters based on laminar …
Microbiology
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test
In-vitro test: This test is carried out to know the antibiotic susceptibility. Because many bacteria have unpredictable susceptibilities …
Electron Microscopy
It is a microscope that uses a beam of an accelerated electron as a source of illumination. The …
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Frits Zernike 1953 discovered Phase Contrast Microscopy of a microscope. It is mainly used to visualize unstained living …
Dark Field Microscopy
Dark-field describes an illumination technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained organisms or any samples. Dark Field …
Method of Cultivation of Anaerobes
Oxygen is one of the prime growth requirements for the sustenance of microorganisms. Some microorganisms cannot grow in …
Growth Of Animal Cells In Culture
Removal of cells from animals and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment is animal cell culture. …
General Procedure for Cell Culture
The general procedure for cell culture is given in figure 1.1. Essential for cell culture Requirements: Vertical Laminar …
Microbial Contamination
Most of the raw materials for pharmaceutical products support microbial growth based on the nutritive properties and moisture …
Factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products
Pharmaceutical products contain a wide range of excipients in addition to active pharmaceutical ingredients for making the formula …